Abstract:

This article is devoted to a review of the literature on a very promising direction in the chemistry of macromolecular compounds: the synthesis and study of polymers, more specifically, high performance polycyanurates based on bis(poly)phenols) of natural origin. Cyanate Ester Resins (CER) are characterized by a very regular structure of the polymer networks, namely polycyanurates (PCNs), obtained by their polycyclotrimerization. They have received much attention because of their unique combination of physical properties, including high thermal stability (> 400  °C), high glass transition temperature (> 270 °C), high fire-, radiation and chemical resistance, low water absorption and low outgassing, high adhesion to different substrates and excellent dielectric properties (ε=2,64−3,11). As a result, CER are currently used as structural or functional materials in aeronautics, space (composite strakes, fins, nose radomes, heat shields), printed circuit boards, adhesives etc. It has to be noted here that CER thermosetting resins, expanding the high-temperature operations regimes, are produced from synthetic petroleum-derived bisphenols, such as bisphenol A, which are toxic and dangerous for environment. In the past decade, naturally occurring phenolic derivatives have arisen as attractive precursors for developing new materials from renewable bio-sources for use in eco-friendly processes. Resins have been prepared utilizing either the whole liquid product or a phenolic-enriched fraction obtained after fractional condensation or further processing, such as solvent extraction or use of greener extraction methods. However, to date, none of the phenolic production and fractionation techniques has been utilized to allow for substitution of 100% of the phenol content of the resin without impacting its effectiveness compared to commercial formulations based on petroleum-derived phenol. The variable nature of the percentage of phenolic compounds in terms of purity from different batches of crops from one season to another and geographical influence does not allow from the reproducibility of phenolic compounds, and hence the resulting polymers. However, the direction that needs to be explored should be oriented towards complete replacement of petro-based phenolics with bio-based ones in the face of an urgent petroleum crisis. In addition, there is a necessity for materials showing enhanced applicability and improved performance. It is a beginning of the era of such a step, which requires further exploration of natural phenolic sources aimed at their enhanced utilization.

Keywords: natural phenolic compounds, bio-based cyanate ester resins, thermostable polymer networks, polycyanurates.

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Abstract:

The use of complex modifiers for cement-concrete mixtures and concretes is becoming increasingly popular in modern materials science. The paper presents studies of the effect of a polymer additive structured with carbon nanomaterial on the physical and mechanical characteristics of cement-concrete mixtures. IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry revealed that the use of carbon nanomaterial significantly changes the structure of cement-concrete mixtures. As a result of the fact that high-strength nanomaterial is the center of crystallization of cement stone formations, a denser reinforced microstructure is formed, which significantly increases the strength characteristics of cement-concrete mixtures. Inclusion in the composition of cement-concrete mixtures of polymer complex additives leads to higher and longer plasticization, which plays an important role in the production of monolithic products. It is established that in the presence of a complex modifier (polymer additive structured with carbon nanotubes) the crystal structure of calcium hydrosilicates is compacted, which causes high physical and mechanical characteristics of modified cement-concrete mixtures. It is experimentally shown that the additive acts as an accelerator of hardening and hardening of cement paste, as well as increases its strength characteristics. In general, for all cement-concrete mixtures in this study there is a water-reducing effect of the additive. Water consumption decreases by 5 wt. %, while the strength increases by 19%. Formulations of cement-concrete mixtures modified with polymer additives, structured carbon nanotubes, with high performance characteristics have been developed.

Keywords: cement, concrete, modification, polymer additives, carbon nanotubes.

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Abstract:

Created PKM, which are characterized by high adhesion/cohesion characteristics (29.0-36.5)/(40.0-43.6) MPa, and PKM with a content of MeOM:NiOM-0,32%; CuOM-0,33%; ZnOM-0,34%, which leads to an increase in adhesion/cohesion properties, namely: (35,7–37,0) / (42,8–43,9) MPa and have high performance properties: indicators of water resistance of concrete samples protected by PKM, exceed this indicator of concrete initial up to 3,75 times; initial PKM and modified with MeOM are resistant to sea water and salt fog, as well as to action of special reagents at low temperatures – frost resistance of such concrete after 50 freeze-thaw cycles is 1,0–1,1, ie, concrete coated with PKM becomes frost resistant; concrete cubes with a protective coating have no damage, no changes in the surface of the samples and the surface of the coating, hovewer, not protected concrete cubes collapsed.

According to the IR data, the formation of the amide group -CONH- as a result of the addition of hydrogen of the CH group of the double bond of the MeOM molecule to the nitrogen of the NCO group of TDI was established; the change in the profile of valence and deformation bands oscillations of CH bonds of different groups indicates reactions involving CH bonds and the possibility of complex compounds formation that affect the structure of the polymer, that is to say, the active compounds are fixed in the polymer macrochain, which prevents their diffusion on the material surface and their subsequent removal and prolongs the protective functions of the coating, which has high adhesion/cohesion strength, resistance to UV radiation, biocorrosion, and chemical agents, enhances heat resistance and provides high performance.

Keywords: composite material, organoinorganic modifiers, stability, adhesion/cohesion, performance properties.

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Abstract:

Technical progress requires new and better structural materials with an improved set of physical and mechanical properties, those capable of working in a wide range of power loads, temperatures, environments, as well as new stronger composite materials, including those based on polypropylene.

Considered factors that influence on realization of adhesive contacts in polymeric composition material a “polypropylene – basaltic fibers”.

As a polymeric matrix for researches was used polypropylene of brand 21030 with the index of fluidity of fusion 2,5-4,0 gs/10 min, by tensile strength of 33,6 МPа, Charpy impact strength 34,7 kJ/m2, that is a crystalline thermoplast proof to the dynamic loading and is characterized an increase inflexibility.

In-process used basaltic fibers (BF) that cut on segments a 8-12 mm from the plait of brand (TU U 00292729001-96). Previous preparation of basaltic fibers was executed according to [4] by the method of brief treatment by 0,5 n solution of NaOН. It allows to clean from the surface of fibers of contamination, activate them superficial layers, partly to take off internal tensions. Preparation of surface of fibers was realized the same for her dressing.

It is set that the previous activating of surface of basaltic fibers positively influences water 0,5n solution of hydroxide of natrium on the increase of physical and mechanical descriptions of composite on the basis of polypropylene. Use of the preliminary dressed inorfil in composition polymeric composition material, assists the substantial increase of mechanical properties and reliability of exploitation of wares from such material in time and in the conditions of action of higher extreme external factors.

The high size of adhesion strength is observed only at the good moistening by fusion of thermoplast of surface of fibers and at his greater area. Therefore was interesting simultaneously to conduct measuring of regional corner of moistening of basaltic fibers fusion of polypropylene depending on the temperature of experiment (Т) and time of self-control (τ) of fibers in fusion. Analysing these, see that regional corner of moistening of basaltic fibers with the increase of temperature (Т) and time of self-control (τ) constantly diminishes fusion of polypropylene, that testifies to the favourable terms of change of these factors at forming of adhesion contact.

It is shown that quality of process of activating of surface of basaltic fibers well correlates with the change of indexes “adhesion strength” and “regional corner of moistening” from a temperature and duration of process of moistening. By means of the executed experiments optimal technological parameters were certain for the achievement of maximal size of adhesion strength in the primary system “a polypropylene is the undressed basaltic fibers ” : temperature of fusion of 2100С and duration of adhesion contact 15 min. Most rationally to activate a basaltic fibers during three o’clock of 0,5 н. by water solution of NaОН, as after this process the greatest value of adhesion strength (24,9±0,7 МPа) and durability of a treat filament at the level of 97,00 кН, that is higher, than initial durability of basaltic fibers (82,17 кN), is arrived at.

Keywords: basaltic fibers, properties, previous treatment, polypropylene, polymeric composition material.

REFERENCES

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Abstract:

Modification of existing paints and varnishes based on alkyd and melamine alkyd resins as well as creation of new film formers with the help of functionalized oligomers in order to improve the properties of materials during their operation was carried out. Liquid oligobutadiene rubber with end hydroxyl groups, HTPB trend mark was used . Pentaphthalic varnish PF-060 and melamine-formaldehyde resin K-421-02 was modified by triisocyanate oligobutadiene rubber based on trimethylolpropane and isophorone diisocyanate resin in different ratios.

Analysis of the FTIR spectra of the developed paints and varnishes showed that the process of polymerization in a thin film in air forms a spatially crosslinked polymer and passes through the stage of formation of branched soluble polymers, followed by copolymerization of components with oxygen and formation of structured solid polymer.

The optimal content of rubber in the modified paints and varnishes was estimated. For alkyd varnish PF-060 it equals 10 wt.% and for melamine-formaldehyde resin K-421-02 is in the range 7-10 wt.%. Addition of triisocyanate accelerates the drying process of coatings on air, high values of surface hardness, adhesion, resistance to bending and water absorption were also received.

Developed modified paints and varnishes are characterized by increased viability, shelf life of more than 6 months, homogeneity. Proposed scheme allows to obtain transparent coatings with high physical and mechanical characteristics and can be recommended for practical use in various coating technologies.

Keywords: paint and varnish material, film former, modification, alkyd resin, functionalized diene liquid rubbers.

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Abstract:

Using metods of x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and antimocrobial properties with test-bacteriums E. coli and S. aureus vere investigated nanocomposites type polymer-metal based on stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexe (PEC) and metalic nanoparticles argentum and cuprum. Samples PEC with amorphous structure vere formated based on polyelectrolytes natural parentage: Na-carboxymethyl cellulose and β-cyclodextrin that functionalyzed amino grups. Using sorbtion by samples PEC of ions salts AgNO3 and CuSO4 , that losung in water (concentration 0,1 mole/l) vere formated samples of triples polyelectrolyte-metalic coplexes (TPMC). By using method XRD showed existence in volyme TPMC of areas (with amorphous strucrure) of fragmented macromoleculare coils of PEC (macroligande) that co-ordinated as cations Сu2+, so cations Ag+. In result of chemical reduced (using salt NaBH4) this cations transition metalі in volum TPMC, vere formed polymer– metalic nanocomposites with metal nanoparticles argentum and cuprum, what shown using metod XRD. By using metod TEM vere installed, what in nanocomposites metalic nanoparticles cuprum whose middle size 12,4 nm, whereas nanoparticles argentum – 4,3 nm. Antimicrobial tests polymer-metal nanocomposites shown, that antimicrobial properties possess nanoparticles argentum and cuprum.

Keywords: polyelectrolyte complex, carboxymethyl cellulose, functionalised β-cyclodextrin, cations metal, nanocomposites, metal nanoparticles, antimicrobial properties.

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Abstract:

Studies of biodegradability of polyurethane foam (PUF) composite materials with albucid under the influence of biological medium 199 (BM 199) and saline solution for 2 weeks, 1, 3 and 6 months were conducted. IR spectroscopy, physical-mechanical tests, DSC and TGA before and after incubation in model mediums were investigated. It was found that the influence of BM 199 and saline solution on the structure and properties of composite materials with albucid is similar. According to the results of physical-mechanical studies under the influence of model mediums there are processes of biodegradation which are confirmed by a decrease in adhesive strength after incubation in BM 199 and saline solution. According to IR spectroscopy, biodegradation is accompanied by redistribution of hydrogen bonds of NH groups of the polymer matrix. The results of studies by the DSC method indicate a decrease of Tg and increase of ΔСР of PUF composites with albucid compared to the control, which is associated with increasing of segmental mobility of macromolecules under the influence of model mediums and due to the albucid release from polymer matrix. It was found that PUF and PUF composites with albucid in vitro remain heat-resistant materials, because after incubation in BM 199 and a saline solution there is an increase in T0 and Tmax by the TGA method. Studies of the dynamics of albucid release from the PUF matrix were carried out. It was found that the composite materials are capable to the prolonged release of the drug. The amount of released albucid is 36.0 % on the 60th day of the experiment, which does not exceed the therapeutic dose and has no toxic effects. Therefore, polyurethane foam composite materials with albucid can be proposed as promising materials for use as implants with prolonged action of albucid in ophthalmological surgery.

Keywords: polyurethane foam, composite material, albucid, biological medium 199, saline solution.

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